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ADULT COURT TESTS This site was constructed in response to Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc. website www.riskandneeds.com visitors request. They wanted a site focused on "adult court tests" that was short and to the point. Yet they also wanted the opportunity to acquire as much in-depth test-related information as desired. Some court tests searchers want more information than others and each searcher wants to decide for themselves "how much is enough." To meet these needs Risk & Needs constructed this site www.adult-court-tests.com with links to its in-depth website www.riskandneeds.com. This website, adult-court-tests.com, describes four tests, presents their example reports and provides navigational links to topics like cost, test comparison checklists, free 1-test Examination Kits and how these tests can be ordered. This website focuses upon four Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc. adult court tests. Each tests title is self-descriptive and these names are links to that tests discussion on this webpage. Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) Adult Presentence Evaluation (APE) Each of these tests are self-report assessment instruments or defendant tests. The DQ and SAI are also used in treatment settings. Each of these tests is appropriate for misdemeanor and felony assessment. They are used with males and females and are standardized on the defendant populations they were designed to evaluate. Confidentiality is assured with Risk & Needs proprietary “delete client names” from diskettes software. Client names are removed from test diskettes before they are returned to Risk & Needs for inclusion in the tests expanding database. This 'name deletion' procedure insures client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501) requirements. Why use this webpage? To quickly determine whether any of these four tests will meet your needs. Four adult court tests are presented along with their example reports. Scale scores on each of these "adult court tests" measure the severity of abuse. This enables evaluators to match problem severity with treatment intensity, which is very important to intervention or treatment effectiveness. For example, the Alcohol Scale score represents the severity of the defendant's alcohol related problem. With this problem severity score evaluators can refer defendant's to appropriate levels of intervention or treatment (e.g., levels of supervision, educational classes, AA meetings, outpatient group counseling, medication treatment, intensive outpatient services, inpatient chemical dependency treatment, etc.). On this “Adult Court Tests” website there are six navigational links presented for each test. These links are at the end of each tests webpage and include: 1. Cost (Test Unit Fee), 2. Example test report, 3. How to order tests, 4. Test Comparison Checklist, 5. Free Examination Kit and 6. Risk & Needs website link www.riskandneeds.com.
More
comprehensive "scale interpretation" is provided on the Risk & Needs website
www.riskandneeds.com.
There are several levels of each tests scale interpretation ranging
from viewing these tests as self-report instruments to interpreting scale
elevations and scale interrelationships. Scale
Interpretation is discussed on most tests Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc.
www.riskandneeds.com
test webpage.
* * * * *
The Defendant questionnaire (DQ) is designed for defendant assessment in court settings. The DQ is particularly useful in substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse cases. The DQ is designed for drug courts and general population (misdemeanor and felony) courts. The DQ is also used in adult probation, community corrections and treatment settings.
The DQ has 162 items and takes 35 minutes to complete. DQ reports are computer scored with reports printed on-site within 2˝ minutes. The DQ has seven scales (measures): 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Alcohol Scale, 3. Drugs Scale, 4. Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale, 5. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 6. Antisocial Scale, and 7. Stress Coping Abilities Scale. SEVEN DQ SCALES
* * * * * More comprehensive DQ scale interpretation is provided in the Risk & Needs website www.riskandneeds.com. There are several levels of DQ scale interpretation ranging from viewing the DQ as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and scale interrelationships. To review this "scale interpretation" section of the DQ description on the Risk & Needs website click on this link www.riskandneeds.com, then click on the "Tests Alphabetically Listed" link in the left margin of the sites webpage, scroll down to Defendant Questionnaire (DQ), click on the test name and you will be on the DQ's webpage. "Scale Interpretation" links are in courtesy links tables or you can scroll approximately ľ through the DQ webpage where you will come to the "Scale Interpretation" discussion. In summary, the Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) evaluates the defendant’s test taking attitude. It measures the severity of substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse while integrating DSM-IV substance abuse/dependency criteria. Scale-related recommendations are American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) compatible. The DQ also quantifies violence and lethality potential while screening antisocial thinking. And the DQ measures the defendant’s ability to handle stress and pressure. An example DQ report is available by clicking on the Example DQ Test Report link. DQ RESEARCH
Defendant Questionnaire (DQ)
validity, reliability and accuracy research is reported in the “
DQ: An Inventory of Scientific Findings,” . The
Risk & Needs website
www.riskandneeds.com
also contains some DQ research studies, annual summary reports and accuracy
research.
All DQ scales have alpha (reliability) coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .80 and are at the impressive significance level of p<.001. The DQ has been standardized on thousands of defendants and each research study has demonstrated impressive validity, reliability and accuracy.
The Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc. website link www.riskandneeds.com presents all of Risk & Needs tests. Each of these tests is described, example reports are presented and test-related research is provided. Each of the four adult court tests discussed on this site adult-court-tests.com are also included in the Risk & Needs site - but in much greater detail. If you want to learn more about Risk & Needs (including the Defendant Questionnaire), its adult and juvenile tests or its website click on www.riskandneeds.com. The Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) was designed with drug court staff assistance. Many of their suggestions like DSM-IV substance abuse/dependency criteria, ASAM compatibility and scale selection are included in the Defendant Questionnaire (DQ). If you have any Defendant Questionnaire (DQ) questions please contact Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc., P.O. Box 44828, Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4828. Telephone number: (602) 234-3506, Fax: (602) 266-8227, e-mail address: skarca@riskandneeds.com. Our offices are open 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, Mountain Standard Time.
* * * * *
This site was constructed in response to Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc. website www.riskandneeds.com visitors request. They wanted a site focused on "adult court tests" that was short and to the point. Yet they also wanted the opportunity to acquire as much in-depth test-related information as desired. Some court tests searchers want more information than others and each searcher wants to decide for themselves "how much is enough." To meet these needs Risk & Needs constructed this site www.adult-court-tests.com with links to its in-depth website www.riskandneeds.com.
Due to the subject matter of the
Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) and the number of SAI scales (measures) it
is recommended that visitors interested in the SAI visit the Risk & Needs
www.riskandneeds.com
website SAI webpage. There are several levels of SAI scale
interpretation ranging from viewing the SAI as a self-report to interpreting
scale elevations and scale interrelationships. To review this "scale
interpretation" discussion click on the Risk & Needs website
www.riskandneeds.com
link,
then click on the "Tests Alphabetically Listed" link and scroll down to the
"Sexual Adjustment Inventory" and click on it. You will go to the SAI
webpage. About ľ way through this webpage you will come to the section
"SAI Scale Interpretation." The Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) has 225 items, thirteen scales and takes 45 minutes to an hour to complete.
The Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) contains two Truthfulness Scales: 1. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale, and 2. Test Item Truthfulness Scale. It would be very naive to expect sex offenders to be truthful when interviewed, answering questions or taking a test. The Sex Item Truthfulness scale measures how truthful the defendant was while answering sex-related items. The Test Item Truthfulness scale measures how truthful the defendant was while answering non-sex-related items. These two Truthfulness Scales are very important when assessing, evaluating or screening people accused of sex offenses.
The Sexual Adjustment Inventory
(SAI) has thirteen scales (measures). Six of these scales are sex-related:
1.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale,
2.
Sexual Adjustment Scale,
3.
Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale,
4.
Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale,
5.
Exhibitionism Scale, and
6. Incest Classification.
The SAI has seven
non-sex-related scales (measures):
7.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale,
8.
Alcohol Scale,
9.
Drugs Scale,
10.
Violence (Lethality) Scale,
11.
Antisocial Scale,
12.
Distress Scale and
13.
Impulsiveness Scale.
In one test we can assess
important sex-related and non-sex-related areas of inquiry. This
comprehensive multi-scale approach gives us at one sitting of approximately
50 minutes duration a lot of information important for understanding the sex
offender. Even if the sex offender invalidates his SAI test because of
excessive lying to sex items, non-sex-items or both -- we still have
obtained important information from the two truthfulness scales.
* * * * *
THIRTEEN SAI SCALES
1.
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale:
Measures how truthful the client is while answering sex-related
questions. Sex-related items are easily recognized. An offender who
wants to minimize or deny or attempt to “fake good” when answering
sex-related items will be detected. This scale is 98% accurate.
2.
Test Item Truthfulness Scale:
Measures how truthful the client is when answering non-sex-related
items. This scale will detect offenders attempting to lie, minimize
problems or “fake good.” This scale is also 98% accurate.
3.
Sexual Adjustment Scale: Measures the
client’s self-reported sexual adjustment. This scale has sex items that
most “normal” (by definition not sex offenders) people agree or disagree
with. Norming the SAI on both “normals” and “sex offenders” allows
accurate comparison scoring.
4.
Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale:
Measures a client’s interest
in sex, their urges and fantasies involving prepubescent children.
Pedophilia refers to a pathological sexual interest in children.
5.
Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale:
Measures sexual assault proneness. Rape refers to sexual assault or sexual
intercourse against the will and over the objections of the partner. It
is often accompanied by force or the threat of force.
6.
Exhibitionism Scale:
Measures a person’s need to expose their sex organs to unsuspecting
individuals. Exhibitionists are often identified by the repetitive,
compulsive and patterned nature of their acts.
7.
Incest Classification:
Classifies incestuous behavior, i.e., sexual intercourse with a family member
(other than one’s spouse). Incest refers to coitus between persons
related by blood or marriage.
8.
Alcohol Scale:
Measures
alcohol use and the severity of abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine and
other liquors. Alcohol is a licit or legal substance.
9.
Drugs Scale:
Measures illicit drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to
marijuana, crack, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates, heroin, etc.
10.
Violence
(Lethality) Scale: Measures the
clients use of physical force to injure, damage or destroy. This scale
identifies people that are dangerous to themselves and others.
11.
Antisocial Scale:
Measures antisocial thinking in a client’s attitudes and behavior. These
clients are often selfish, ungrateful and often seem devoid of responsibility.
12.
Distress Scale:
Measures two symptom clusters (anxiety and depression) that taken together
represent distress. The blending of these symptom clusters is shown in
the definition of dysphoria, i.e., a generalized feeling of anxiety, resentment
and depression.
13.
Impulsiveness
Scale:
Identifies people that abruptly engage in activities without adequate
forethought, reflection or consideration of consequences. There are several
definitions of "impulsive" on the web that use a variety of words like "without
forethought,' "capricious," "whim," "undue haste" and "impetuous."
* * * * *
SAI SCALE INTERPRETATION
Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) "scale interpretation" can be discussed at several levels. For example, you can view the SAI as a self report or you can interpret scale elevations and scale interrelationships. For more discussion on scale interpretation click on this
Scale Interpretation link. This link takes you to the "Scale interpretation" discussion on the Risk & Needs website
www.riskandneeds.com.
SAI RESEARCH
Early Sexual Adjustment
Inventory (SAI) research included criterion based validity with other tests
along with reliability and accuracy studies. This research is reported in the
“SAI:An Inventory of Scientific Findings,”
Additional SAI research is presented in Risk & Needs website
www.riskandneeds.com.
Research studies repeatedly show that the SAI is a valid, reliable and
accurate test. For example, the internal consistencies (coefficient alpha)
for the Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) scales are reported in a year 2000 study
that involved 1,318 sex offenders.
SAI Scales
Coefficient
Significance
Sex Item Truthfulness
.85
p<.001
Sexual Adjustment Scale
.85
p<.001
Child (Pedophile) Molest
.85
p<.001
Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale
.87 p<.001 Exhibitionism
Scale .85 p<.001 Incest
Classification .84 p<.001 Alcohol
Scale .94 p<.001 Drugs
Scale .92 p<.001 Violence
(Lethality) Scale .89 p<.001 Antisocial
Scale .86 p<.001 Distress
Scale .88 p<.001 Impulsiveness
Scale .84 p<.001 All Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) scales have
alpha coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .80
and are highly reliable. All coefficient alphas are significant at
the p<.001 level of significance. Many SAI studies have been
conducted on thousands of sex offenders. SAI NAVIGATIONAL
LINKS Risk &
Needs website
www.riskandneeds.com SAI-JUVENILE: A SHORT VERSION OF THE SAI SAI-JUVENILE The Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) has been modified for juvenile
use. The juvenile version of the SAI is called the SAI-Juvenile.
The SAI-Juvenile is designed to identify sexual deviate and paraphiliac
behavior in juveniles (15 to 18) accused or convicted of sexual offenses.
The SAI-Juvenile has 230 items and takes 45 minutes to an hour to
complete. SAI-Juvenile reports are scored and printed on-site with-in 3
minutes. The SAI-Juvenile has the same 13 measures (scales) as the adult
SAI. Much of the sexual deviancy language couldn't be changed.
However, attempts were made to lower the SAI-Juveniles reading level.
Interested parties can click on the Risk & Needs website
www.riskandneeds.com
link. Then click on the "Tests Alphabetically Listed" link (in the left
margin), scroll down to the SAI-Juvenile, click on it and you will go directly
to the SAI-Juvenile webpage. If you have any Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI)
questions, contact Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc., P.O. Box 44828,
Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4828. Telephone number: (602) 234-3506, Fax:
(602) 266-8227, e-mail address: skarca@riskandneeds.com. Risk &
Needs offices are open 8 a.m. to 4
p.m., Monday through Friday, Mountain Standard
Time. * * * * *
The Adult Pretrial Test (APT) is designed for
defendant (misdemeanor and felony) assessment at the pretrial phase of
their justice system experience. The APT evolved from the DQ and has
been standardized on the general adult court defendant population.
The APT incorporates the Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale which is based
upon the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) symptomatology and
criteria. Test-related recommendations are also American Society of
Addiction Medicine (ASAM) compatible. ASAM provides guidelines for
substance abuse patient placement. FOUR
COURT SETTINGS
LINKS FOUR
ADULT COURT TEST
LINKS The Adult Pretrial Test (APT) has 162 items and takes
35 minutes to complete. If the defendant can read the newspaper they
can complete the APT. Adult Pretrial Test (APT) reports are computer
scored within 2˝ minutes of data entry with reports printed
on-site. The APT evaluates the defendant’s test taking
attitude and identifies attempts to fake good. It measures substance
(alcohol and other drugs) use and the severity of abuse. The APT
integrates DSM-IV substance abuse/dependency criteria with alcohol and
drug severity measures. Score-related recommendations are in
accordance with American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM)
guidelines. It also quantifies violence and lethality potential
along with antisocial tendencies. The APT also measures the
defendant’s ability to handle stress. We now know that stress
exacerbates emotional and mental health symptomatology. This means
the APT in its Stress Coping Abilities Scale screens for established
emotional and mental health problems. * * * * * SEVEN APT SCALES 3.
Antisocial
Reaction Scale:
Measures antisocial attitudes and behavior. It identifies
antisocial defendants who are irresponsible and anti-society in
their thinking. High scorers don’t seem to fit into
society.
Adult Pretrial Test (APT) "scale interpretation" can be discussed at several levels. For example you can view the APT as a self-report or you can interpret scale elevations and scale interrelationships. For more "scale interpretation" discussion click on this
Scale Interpretation link. This link takes you to the "scale interpretation discussion on the Risk & Needs website www.riskandneeds.com.
Adult Pretrial Test Research Early Adult Pretrial Test (APT) research included
criterion validity studies, scale correlations, and other reliability,
validity and accuracy studies which are summarized in the document titled
“ APT: An Inventory of Scientific Findings, ” An APT reliability study was completed in 2002 and the
results are presented in the following table. APT
RELIABILITY (COEFFICIENT ALPHA), N=603 APT
Scales Coefficient Significance Violence
(Lethality) .89 p<.001 Antisocial
Reaction Scale .86 p<.001 Stress
Quotient Scale .94 p<.001 Substance
Abuse/Dependency .95 p<.001 Alcohol
Severity Scale .94 p<.001 Drugs
Severity Scale .93 p<.001 All Adult Pretrial Test (APT) scales have alpha
coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .80.
And these coefficients are all significant at the p<.001 level of
significance. APT research extends over eleven years and its
expanding cumulative database research is ongoing. The APT’s research, unique features and scoring
methodology are described in detail in the Risk & Needs website
www.riskandneeds.com. It
is recommended that people interested in the Adult Pretrial Test visit
Risk & Needs website. And if you have any questions contact Risk
& Needs Assessment, Inc., P.O. Box
44828, Phoenix,
Arizona 85064-4828.
Telephone
number: (602) 234-3506, Fax: (602) 266-8227, e-mail address:
skarca@riskandneeds.com. Our offices are open 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Mountain
Standard Time. APT NAVIGATIONAL
LINKS Risk &
Needs website
www.riskandneeds.com If you are interested in more information on the
Adult Pretrial Test (APT) you can visit Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc.
website www.riskandneeds.com. It
discusses all of Risk & Needs tests. When you visit Risk &
Needs website you will go to the “homepage.” In the left margin are
important test links. Click on the “Tests Alphabetically Listed”
link, then scroll down to the Adult Pretrial Test. Click on the
tests name and you will go directly to that tests webpage. If you have
any questions please contact Risk & Needs Assessment,
Inc. Telephone:
(602) 234-3506 * * * * * The Adult Presentence Evaluation (APE) provides
judges, court staff, attorneys, probation officers and other mental health
professionals with objective and empirically based attitudinal, behavioral
as well as risk and needs information. APE can provide information
important to pretrial-release decisions, at prescreening prior to
sentencing, after an indictment is issued or before diversion program
decision are made. FOUR
COURT SETTINGS
LINKS FOUR
ADULT COURT TEST
LINKS The Adult Presentence Evaluation (APE) consists of
158 items and takes 30 minutes to complete. It is written at a high
5th to low 6th grade reading level. There are seven
APE scales or measures. These are: 1.
Truthfulness Scale, 2.
Resistance Scale, 3.
Violence (Lethality) Scale, 4. Stress
Coping Abilities Scale, 5. Alcohol
Scale, 6. Drugs Scale
and 7. Substance
Abuse/Dependency Scale. SEVEN APE SCALES 1.
Truthfulness
Scale:
Measures the truthfulness of the defendant
while completing the Adult Presentence Evaluation. It detects
denial and attempts to fake good. 2.
Resistance
Scale:
Measures defensiveness, non-compliance and oppositional attitudes
and behavior. Scale scores reflect the defendant’s
outlook. 3.
Violence (Lethality) Scale:
Measures the defendant’s probability of injuring, damaging or
destroying. This scale identifies defendants dangerous to
themselves and others. Extreme scores are capable of homicide
or suicide. 5.
Substance
Abuse/Dependency Scale:
Utilizes Diagnostic & Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) criteria for
classifying substance users as “abusers,” “dependant” or
“non-pathological” users. 6.
Alcohol Scale:
Measures the severity of
alcohol abuse. Alcohol is a licit substance and refers to
beer, wine and other liquors. This scale is independent of
drug use or abuse. 7.
Drugs Scale:
Measures severity of
illicit drug use or abuse. Drugs refer to marijuana, crack,
cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin,
etc. *
* * * * Test-related recommendations are American Society of
Addiction Medicine (ASAM) compatible. And as noted earlier the
Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale utilizes DSM-IV criteria for classifying
substance abusers. Early in APE’s development it was used in several
criterion group research studies that demonstrated impressive validity,
reliability and accuracy. Many of these studies are summarized in
the document titled “,APE: An Inventory of Scientific
Findings,” And some APE research studies are
presented on the Risk & Needs website www.riskandneeds.com. An
Adult Presentence Evaluation (APE) reliability study was done with 1,996
defendants that were administered the APE test. Coefficient Significance Resistance
Scale .85 p<.001 Violence
(Lethality) .88 p<.001 Alcohol
Scale .95 p<.001 Drugs
Scale .92 p<.001 Stress
Coping Abilities Scale .92 p<.001 Substance
Abuse/Dependency .94 p<.001 All Adult Presentence Evaluation (APE) scales have
alpha coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of
.80. And these coefficients are all significant at the p>.001
level of significance. It is recommended that people interested in the Adult
Presentence Evaluation (APE) visit Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc.
website www.riskandneeds.com. This
website presents all of Risk & Needs tests in considerable
detail. When you arrive at Risk & Needs “HomePage” there are
important links in the left margin. Click on the “Tests
Alphabetically Listed” link and then scroll down to the Adult Presentence
Evaluation (APE) link. Click on the test name and you will go
directly to that tests webpage. For the convenience of visitors the following links
are provided so that important Adult Presentence Evaluation (APE) features
are readily available. APE NAVIGATIONAL LINKS Risk &
Needs website
www.riskandneeds.com If you have any Adult Presentence Evaluation (APE)
questions please contact Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc., P.O. Box
44828, Phoenix,
Arizona 85064-4828.
Other contact options include: Telephone: (602) 234-3506, Fax Number:
(602) 266-8227 and e-mail address: skarca@riskandneeds.com. * * * * * This is a specialty satellite website that focuses
entirely upon “Adult Court
Tests.” More specifically, this website presented
four adult court tests from the Risk & Needs Assessment, Inc. menu or
list of automated (computer scored) self-report assessment instruments or
tests. These four tests include: Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) Adult Presentence Evaluation (APE) The above test links are provided in case you want to
go back and review any of these assessment instruments or tests.
Click on any test name and you will be taken to that tests discussion on
this webpage. Each of these discussions focuses on that tests
description, presentation of its scales (measures) and a brief discussion
of that tests research.
Scale scores on each of these "adult court tests" measure the
severity
of abuse. This enables evaluators to match
problem severity
with
treatment intensity,
which is very important to intervention or treatment effectiveness. For example, the Alcohol Scale score represents the severity of the defendant's alcohol related problem. With this problem severity score evaluators can refer defendant's to appropriate levels of intervention or treatment (e.g., levels of supervision, educational classes, AA meetings, outpatient group counseling, medication treatment, intensive outpatient services, inpatient chemical dependency treatment, etc.).
When you arrive at Risk & Needs website
www.riskandneeds.com there are
navigational links in the left margin of each webpage. Click on the “Tests
Alphabetically Listed” link and then scroll down to the test you are
looking for. Click on that tests name and you will go directly to
that tests webpage. In addition to providing more in-depth test
information the Risk & Needs website presents many of its other
tests. These tests include, but are not limited to, adult court
tests, juvenile court tests, domestic violence offender tests, violence
and lethality tests, sexual (rape) assault tests, child (pedophile) molest
tests, etc. Another way to classify Risk & Needs adult tests is:
1. Court,
probation and corrections tests, 2. Violence
and lethality tests, 3.
Driver-related tests and 4.
Clinical, counseling and treatment
tests. This concludes the adult-court-tests.com webpage. This specialty
“adult court tests” webpage was constructed in response to many visitor
requests. They wanted an easier way to identify Risk & Needs
adult court tests on the internet. We hope this specialty website
helps meet that need. Risk &
Needs Assessment, Inc. P.O. Box
44828, Phoenix,
Arizona 85064-4828 Telephone:
(602) 234-3506, Fax: (602) 266-8227 E-mail:
skarca@riskandneeds.com Website:
www.riskandneeds.com * * * * * | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
